Biología
Transformación y edición genética de la caña de azúcar
López Gerena, J.; Jaimes Quiñónez, H. A. | SEP 2023
Introducción
En las últimas dos décadas se han incrementado las investigaciones orientadas a desarrollar herramientas biotecnológicas en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.) para evaluar factores como el contenido de sacarosa de la caña, las toneladas de caña obtenidas por hectárea (TCH) y su resistencia al estrés biótico y abiótico, mediante el cultivo de tejidos y la ingeniería genética. Ese enfoque se refleja en la mejora de los indicadores de productividad del cultivo. La producción mundial de azúcar y bioetanol, así como el uso de la caña de azúcar como biofábrica plantean la necesidad de una producción sostenible, lo cual exige investigar exhaustivamente los factores que inciden en el mejoramiento del cultivo para contrarrestar las adversidades del cambio climático, que impactan directamente en la productividad del cultivo. Estas mejoras genéticas – en cualquier especie–, especialmente para rasgos de herencia cuantitativa, serán exitosas solo cuando se cuente con métodos eficientes de transferencia o
edición de genes y regeneración de plantas completas.
Este capítulo discute los avances recientes en los métodos de transformación de la caña de azúcar, en especial la biobalística y la mediada por Agrobacterium en el sistema monocotiledóneo de Saccharum spp. Además, relaciona hallazgos ya aplicados en la caña de azúcar, como las nuevas técnicas de edición genética ba sadas en nucleasas efectoras TALEN, así como la más reciente metodología –que augura una mayor aplicación en plantas– de edición genética usando el sistema CRISPR–Cas9 (repeticiones palindrómicas agrupadas y regularmente inter espaciadas). Aplicar estos avances en la caña de azúcar requiere un método de transformación eficiente que incluya en el mediano plazo un sistema de edición genética libre de ADN, para que las variedades resultantes sean consideradas como cultivares convencionales y no modificadas, como lo dispone la Resolución 29299 de agosto de 2018 del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA).
Acerca de los autores
López Gerena, J.
Biólogo (Genética), PhD Fitopatología KSU. Jefe de la Unidad de Biotecnología de CENICAÑA.
Jaimes Quiñónez, H. A.
Centro de investigación de la caña de azúcar de Colombia, Florida, Valle del cauca, Colombia.
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