Biología
Transformación y edición genética de la caña de azúcar
López Gerena, J.; Jaimes Quiñónez, H. A. | NOV 2023 | ISBN 978-958-8449-30-2
Introducción
En las últimas dos décadas se han incrementado las investigaciones orientadas a desarrollar herramientas biotecnológicas en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.) para evaluar factores como el contenido de sacarosa de la caña, las toneladas de caña obtenidas por hectárea (TCH) y su resistencia al estrés biótico y abiótico, mediante el cultivo de tejidos y la ingeniería genética. Ese enfoque se refleja en la mejora de los indicadores de productividad del cultivo. La producción mundial de azúcar y bioetanol, así como el uso de la caña de azúcar como biofábrica plantean la necesidad de una producción sostenible, lo cual exige investigar exhaustivamente los factores que inciden en el mejora-miento del cultivo para contrarrestar las adversidades del cambio climático, que impactan directamente en la productividad del cultivo. Estas mejoras genéticas –en cualquier especie–, especialmente para rasgos de herencia cuantitativa, serán exitosas solo cuando se cuente con métodos eficientes de transferencia o edición de genes y regeneración de plantas completas.
Este capítulo discute los avances recientes en los métodos de transformación de la caña de azúcar, en especial la biobalística y la mediada por Agrobacterium en el sistema monocotiledóneo de Saccharum spp. Además, relaciona hallazgos ya aplicados en la caña de azúcar, como las nuevas técnicas de edición genética basadas en nucleasas efectoras TALEN, así como la más reciente metodología –que augura una mayor aplicación en plantas– de edición genética usando el sistema CRISPR–Cas9 (repeticiones palindrómicas agrupadas y regularmente interes-paciadas). Aplicar estos avances en la caña de azúcar requiere un método de transformación eficiente que incluya en el mediano plazo un sistema de edición genética libre de ADN, para que las variedades resultantes sean consideradas como cultivares convencionales y no modificadas, como lo dispone la Resolución 29299 de agosto de 2018 del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA).
Acerca de los autores
López Gerena, J.
Biólogo de la Universidad del Valle. En 2006 recibió Ph.D. en Fitopatología con énfasis en Biología Molecular de Kansas State University, USA. Diplomado en Bioinformática 2016 y Diplomado en Alta Gerencia 2013. Entre el año 1993 a 2000 fue asistente de investigación en La Unidad de Biotecnología del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). Desde 2006 es Biotecnólogo del Área de Biotecnología, Programa de Variedades del Centro de investigación de la caña de azúcar de Colombia, Cenicaña. Treinta años de experiencia científica y técnica especialmente en la identificación de marcadores moleculares y genes asociados con variables de productividad, resistencia a plagas y enfermedades. Experiencia a nivel administrativo en coordinación, gestión de proyectos y bioseguridad de Organismos Genéticamente Modificados (OGM). Ha sido tutor de estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado e investigador principal y co-investigador de proyectos cofinanciados por MinCiencias y Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. Actualmente lidera la línea de investigación en Transformación Genética y Edición Genómica aplicados al mejoramiento molecular de la caña de azúcar.
Jaimes Quiñónez, H. A.
Biólogo con énfasis en genética egresado de la Universidad del Valle en el año 2005. Llevó a cabo su trabajo de grado en el tema de transformación genética de Yuca en el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) entre los años 2003 y 2005, donde luego trabajó en proyectos de investigación relacionados con resistencia varietal a plagas en fríjol y evaluación molecular de plantas transgénicas de arroz hasta el año 2008. A partir de Octubre de 2008 se unió al laboratorio de biotecnología del Centro de investigación de la caña de azúcar de Colombia, Cenicaña como asistente de investigación en proyectos relacionados con transformación/edición genética, genómica y transcriptómica de caña de azúcar. Actualmente se encuentra involucrado proyectos de selección asistida por marcadores para la implementación de las estrategias GWAS y Selección Genómica para asistir procesos de mejoramiento en Cenicaña.
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